Roth IRA Calculator

A Roth IRA calculator takes three core inputs — your current balance, your annual contribution, and an assumed rate of return — and compounds them forward year by year. Because Roth contributions are made with after-tax dollars, every dollar of growth inside the account is permanently tax-free at withdrawal as long as you’re past age 59½ and the account has been open at least five years. That’s the rule the calculator quietly assumes when it spits out a final balance, and it’s the rule that makes the Roth such a different animal from a traditional IRA or a brokerage account.

The math itself is plain compounding. If you contribute the full $7,500 in 2026 (or $8,600 if you with the catch-up), earn an average 8% annually, and do that for 30 years, the Roth IRA calculator will project somewhere around $850,000 — all of it tax-free at withdrawal. Bump the assumed return to 10% and the same contributions compound to roughly $1.27 million. Drop to 6% and you land closer to $553,000. That sensitivity is why the assumed return rate is the single most important input you’ll touch on the page, and it’s why two people running the “same” Roth IRA calculator can leave with wildly different ending balances on screen.

What a good Roth IRA calculator does behind the scenes is treat each year’s contribution as if it lands at the start of the year rather than at the end. That timing assumption alone changes the 30-year projection by 8-10%. If your calculator doesn’t tell you whether it uses beginning-of-year or end-of-year contributions, run the numbers both ways and see which matches. The most defensible approach is to assume you fund the Roth in January, before you’ve had a chance to spend the money, which is what serious projection software does and what we recommend to clients during planning meetings.

The thing most calculators get wrong is the comparison side. A Roth IRA calculator will show you a clean tax-free number, but it won’t typically show you what the same $7,000 would have grown to in a traditional IRA after subtracting taxes at withdrawal. The right comparison isn’t $850,000 Roth vs. $850,000 traditional — it’s $850,000 Roth vs. roughly $650,000 traditional net of taxes at a 24% bracket. The mistake people make is looking at two balances and concluding they’re equivalent. They aren’t. The Roth is the bigger number in your hand, not in the statement.

Inflation is the next thing most calculators ignore. The $850,000 your Roth IRA calculator projects in 2056 isn’t $850,000 of today’s purchasing power. At 3% annual inflation over 30 years, the real value is closer to $350,000 in today’s dollars. The growth is real, but the headline number includes a lot of just-keeping-up. The serious projection tools let you toggle between nominal and real returns. The free Roth IRA calculator on most bank websites does not.

The Roth IRA calculator usually understates the Roth advantage because it doesn’t model the absence of RMDs at age 73 — that’s where the math really diverges. A traditional IRA forces you to start pulling roughly 3.65% of the balance starting at age 73 whether you need the money or not, and every dollar of that distribution is taxed at ordinary rates. The Roth never forces a distribution, so the money can sit and compound through your 70s and 80s, eventually passing to heirs who get their own 10-year tax-free window under the SECURE Act. Layered out 40+ years, that RMD-drag effect can add another $200,000-$400,000 of real advantage to the Roth side that no basic Roth IRA calculator picks up.

For projections beyond 30 years, the Roth IRA calculator becomes more theoretical than predictive — nobody really knows what tax law looks like in 2056 — but the directional comparison still holds. The Roth wins almost any scenario where future tax rates rise. It loses in scenarios where your bracket drops dramatically in retirement, which is rarer than people assume for high earners.

One detail worth pausing on: the Roth IRA calculator’s 30-year output is meaningfully different depending on whether you start at age 25, 35, or 45. A 25-year-old contributing $7,000 a year at 8% for 40 years lands at about $1.96 million. A 35-year-old doing the same for 30 years lands at $850,000. A 45-year-old doing it for 20 years lands at $345,000. The 10 extra years between starting at 25 vs. 35 isn’t worth an extra $70,000 of contributions — it’s worth an extra $1.1 million of ending balance. That’s the compounding curve doing its work, and it’s why every retirement planning conversation starts with how soon you can begin contributing.

The Roth IRA calculator also has to handle the catch-up contribution mechanic for people 50 and older. The 2026 catch-up adds $1,000 to the standard $7,000 limit, bringing the total to $8,000. SECURE Act 2.0 indexed the catch-up to inflation starting in 2024, so the $1,000 number will rise in future years. A good calculator picks this up automatically when you enter your age; a basic one makes you adjust the contribution number manually. Over a 20-year stretch from age 50 to 70, the $1,000 catch-up alone produces an extra $50,000-$60,000 of tax-free retirement money at 8% returns — not life-changing, but not nothing either.

If you want a CPA to stress-test the assumptions against your real income trajectory, our tax strategy consulting service runs this exercise for high-income clients every year. You can also see how the same inputs play out under a traditional account by running our Traditional IRA calculator, then comparing the two side by side. For the underlying rules, IRS Publication 590-A is the source document. More retirement planning material lives in our helpful guides library and the broader calculators hub.

Most Roth IRA calculators do not. That’s the single biggest flaw with the free ones floating around the internet. They’ll happily project 30 years of tax-free growth on $7,000 a year without ever asking what your modified adjusted gross income looks like — which is the exact number that determines whether you’re allowed to make a direct Roth contribution in the first place. If you punch in $7,000 a year for someone with $300,000 of joint income and the calculator doesn’t flag a problem, you’re using the wrong tool.

For 2026, the direct-contribution phaseout starts at roughly $150,000 of modified AGI for single filers and around $236,000 for married filing jointly. The phaseout ranges run about $15,000 wide on the single side and $10,000 wide on the joint side. If you’re inside the range, your $7,500 contribution gets prorated downward; if you’re above the top of the range, your direct contribution drops to zero. A Roth IRA calculator that doesn’t ask about MAGI is implicitly assuming you’re under the threshold, which is fine for someone earning $80,000 but actively misleading for anyone over $150,000.

The Reed Corporation’s Roth IRA calculator includes a MAGI input and a filing status toggle so the eligibility check runs alongside the growth projection. If you punch in $250,000 of joint MAGI and try to project $7,000 contributions for 30 years, the calculator will flag that direct Roth contributions aren’t permitted at that income level — and then walk you toward the backdoor Roth path if you want to keep contributing. Most other tools just project the contribution anyway and leave you holding the bag at tax time.

This matters more than people realize because the phaseout numbers move every year with inflation adjustments. In 2024 the joint phaseout started at $230,000; in 2025 it was $236,000; in 2026 we expect another modest bump. Calculators that hard-code old numbers will tell HNW couples they’re eligible when they’re not, which is a problem we see frequently when clients run their own projections at home before coming in for a meeting. The IRS doesn’t give partial credit for honest mistakes — an excess contribution gets a 6% excise tax every year until you fix it.

The MAGI calculation itself has its own quirks. It starts with your AGI but adds back things like the student loan interest deduction, the foreign earned income exclusion, traditional IRA deductions for some filers, and a few other items most Roth IRA calculators ignore. For someone earning around $150,000 with student loan interest and a HSA contribution, the MAGI can land $2,000-$5,000 above the AGI you’d see on the front of your 1040. That difference is sometimes enough to flip Roth eligibility.

Here’s the surprising part: even if you’re solidly over the phaseout, the Roth IRA calculator still has value — you just shift the input from “direct contribution” to “backdoor Roth contribution.” The mechanics of the backdoor Roth (non-deductible contribution to traditional IRA, then convert to Roth, then file Form 8606) put the same $7,000 into the same Roth account. The growth projection is identical. The only thing that changes is the paperwork on the front end and one filing requirement at year-end. The Roth IRA calculator will project the same $850,000 either way.

One more wrinkle: the phaseouts are for direct contributions only, not for Roth conversions. There’s no income limit on converting traditional IRA dollars to Roth IRA dollars — you just owe ordinary income tax on whatever was pre-tax at the time of conversion. A wealthy retiree with $2 million in a traditional IRA can convert $200,000 a year to Roth indefinitely if she’s willing to pay the tax. The Roth IRA calculator can model that scenario too, but you have to feed it conversion amounts instead of contribution amounts.

A small but important footnote: Roth eligibility is calculated on the calendar year you’re contributing for, not the year you’re contributing in. You can fund your 2026 Roth IRA all the way up to April 15, 2027. If your 2026 MAGI ended up over the phaseout and you already contributed $7,000 in January 2026, you have until the extended filing deadline to either recharacterize the contribution as a traditional IRA contribution or pull the money back out as an excess contribution. The Roth IRA calculator can’t see this complication, but it’s the kind of mistake we untangle every spring when clients realize their bonus pushed them past the threshold.

Worth noting: the 2026 phaseouts apply only to the Roth IRA, not to the Roth 401(k) or Roth 403(b). Workplace Roth accounts have no income limit — you can earn $2 million and still fund a Roth 401(k) all the way to the $24,500 employee deferral cap. For many high earners, the Roth 401(k) is the path of least resistance because it doesn’t require any backdoor mechanics, just a checkbox on your election form. A Roth IRA calculator can model that scenario too if you enter $24,500 as the contribution amount, though the underlying account is different.

One last point on phaseouts worth knowing: the Roth IRA calculator results assume the contribution went through cleanly. If you accidentally overcontribute because your MAGI ended up higher than expected, the excess gets hit with a 6% excise tax each year the excess sits in the account. Pulling the excess out before the tax filing deadline (including extensions) avoids the penalty, but you also have to pull out any earnings attributable to that excess. We see this scramble every March when bonus income lands and pushes a borderline couple over the joint phaseout for the prior year.

If you’re trying to figure out where you fall in the 2026 phaseouts, our tax services team handles the eligibility analysis as part of year-end planning for high-net-worth clients. For the official phaseout tables, IRS Publication 590-A publishes the current ranges. The relevant filing form for backdoor conversions is Form 8606, and missing it is one of the more common Roth-related mistakes we see when we onboard new clients. More planning content lives in our tax strategy guides and you can submit a new client inquiry if you want a CPA to run the eligibility check on your specific numbers.

A Roth IRA calculator can compare the two on an after-tax basis if it’s built right, but most don’t. The free calculators on the internet typically show pre-tax balances side by side, which makes the traditional IRA look better than it actually is because nobody pays attention to the future tax bill embedded in that balance. The honest version of the comparison is after-tax, and once you run it that way, the picture changes significantly for most filers.

Here’s the cleanest version of the comparison. Say you can afford to contribute $7,000 to either a Roth IRA or a traditional IRA in 2026, and you’re in the 32% federal bracket. The traditional IRA gives you a $2,240 deduction up front, which means the real cost of the contribution is $4,760 out of pocket. The Roth IRA gives you no deduction — the real cost is the full $7,000 out of pocket. To make this apples-to-apples in any honest Roth IRA calculator comparison, the traditional IRA scenario should also assume you invest the $2,240 tax savings in a regular taxable brokerage account each year.

Compound both forward at 8% for 30 years. The Roth balance hits roughly $850,000, all tax-free. The traditional IRA hits the same $850,000 — but you owe tax on every dollar at withdrawal. If your retirement bracket is 24%, the after-tax traditional balance is about $646,000, plus whatever the taxable side investment grew to (call it another $150,000 after annual capital-gains drag and dividend tax). Total after-tax: about $796,000 traditional vs. $850,000 Roth. The Roth wins by roughly $54,000, or about 7%.

If your retirement bracket stays at 32%, the gap widens. The traditional after-tax balance drops to about $578,000, plus the same $150,000 from the side account, for $728,000 total. Roth wins by about $122,000 over a lifetime. If your retirement bracket drops to 12% (early-retirement gap years between leaving work and starting Social Security, or a sustained low-income phase), the traditional wins by about $30,000. The break-even point is roughly where your contribution bracket equals your withdrawal bracket, but most calculators don’t tell you that explicitly.

The surprising line: most high-income clients we see in their late 30s and 40s are convinced their retirement bracket will be lower than their current bracket, but the data we run on actual retirees tells a different story. Tax rates may climb in the next 30 years (the 2017 TCJA brackets are scheduled to sunset in 2025, though that may shift again), and the traditional 401(k) balances that wealthy people accumulate often produce taxable RMDs in retirement that are larger than their working-year income. Roth is essentially a hedge against your own future success.

What most Roth IRA calculators leave out of the comparison is the impact of required minimum distributions on Social Security taxation and Medicare IRMAA premiums. RMDs from a traditional IRA can push a couple’s provisional income above the threshold that makes 85% of Social Security taxable, and they can push MAGI above the IRMAA brackets that double or triple Medicare Part B and D premiums. The Roth never produces an RMD and never feeds those second-order tax effects. Over a 25-year retirement, those side effects can add another $40,000-$80,000 to the Roth advantage.

A Roth IRA calculator that does this comparison right needs five inputs at minimum: current bracket, expected retirement bracket, contribution amount, return rate, and time horizon. Ideally it also asks about state tax in retirement (huge factor if you’re moving from New York to Florida) and whether you’ll have other taxable income that triggers higher brackets. If your calculator only asks for three of those, it can’t do a real after-tax comparison — it’s just compounding two pre-tax balances and labeling them “Roth” and “traditional.”

Worth pausing on one mechanical detail: the side-account assumption in the traditional IRA scenario is where most online Roth IRA calculators quietly cheat. They either ignore the upfront tax savings entirely (which makes the Roth look artificially better) or they assume the savings disappear into discretionary spending (which is closer to what actually happens for most filers). Both versions are wrong for serious planning. If you don’t have the discipline to reinvest the $2,240 tax savings each year, the Roth almost always wins. If you do reinvest it, the comparison becomes much closer and starts to depend on your specific bracket trajectory.

The state tax dimension is the other thing most calculators flatten. A New York City resident in the 32% federal bracket is also paying about 6.85% to New York State and another 3.876% to NYC for a combined marginal rate north of 42%. If that person retires to Florida, the state-tax piece evaporates entirely. The traditional IRA looks much better than the Roth in that move because all the contribution-side deductions came at a 42%-blended rate and all the withdrawal-side income tax comes at the federal-only 24% or 32% rate. The Roth IRA calculator that ignores state tax is implicitly assuming you stay put for the next 30 years, which is a big assumption for anyone in a high-tax state.

One last practical note: the Roth IRA calculator comparison gets less useful as your wealth picture grows. At some point the question stops being “Roth vs. traditional” and starts being “how do I diversify my tax exposure across pre-tax, after-tax, and taxable accounts to give myself the most flexibility in retirement.” That three-bucket framework is where most of our HNW planning meetings end up, and no single calculator captures all of it. The Roth IRA calculator is one input into the bigger conversation about what mix of account types serves you best across the 30-40 years between now and your last withdrawal.

Our calculator runs the full version with the five core inputs and a state-tax toggle. For a deeper dive into the Roth-vs-traditional decision, see our tax strategy guides and the Traditional IRA calculator for the other side of the comparison. The official rules sit in IRS Publication 590-A. If you want a CPA to actually run the after-tax math on your specific numbers, the new client inquiry form is the fastest way in, especially for high-net-worth clients in or near the phaseout band.

Because compounding is exponential, not linear. A one-percentage-point change in the assumed return rate over 30 years doesn’t change the final number by one percent — it can change it by 25-30%. That’s the source of every “how do I know what to trust” question we get on Roth IRA calculators, and it’s the single biggest reason two people running similar projections end up at very different ending balances.

Run the numbers. Contribute $7,000 a year for 30 years. At 6% return, the Roth IRA calculator projects about $553,000. At 7%, it climbs to $660,000. At 8%, $850,000. At 9%, $1.04 million. At 10%, $1.27 million. The gap between 6% and 10% — both reasonable historical assumptions depending on asset allocation — is more than double. Every percentage point matters more in year 25 than it did in year 5, which is why early-career savers can afford to be aggressive and late-career savers can’t.

What return rate should you actually plug in? The S&P 500 has averaged about 10% nominal and roughly 7% real (inflation-adjusted) over long periods, but past performance doesn’t guarantee future results — especially over a 30-year window that depends on starting valuations, demographic trends, and policy decisions nobody can predict. A diversified portfolio with bonds and international exposure historically lands closer to 7-8% nominal. A conservative target-date fund near retirement might run 5-6%. The Roth IRA calculator can’t know your asset allocation, so it asks you for the rate and trusts your guess.

The bigger question is whether you’re projecting nominal or real returns. A Roth IRA calculator using a 10% nominal return is telling you what the account balance will literally read on the statement in 2056 dollars. That sounds great until you account for 30 years of inflation eating the purchasing power of that number. A $1.27 million Roth balance in 2056 might only buy what $500,000 buys today, assuming 3% inflation. If you want a more intuitive number, use a real (inflation-adjusted) return of 6-7% and read the output in today’s dollars. That’s how serious financial planners present projections to clients, and it’s how we recommend you run your own Roth IRA calculator scenarios.

Here’s the surprising piece: the return rate matters more than the contribution amount over long horizons. Doubling your contribution from $3,500 to $7,000 a year doubles the final balance proportionally — nice linear behavior. But moving from a 6% return to an 8% return over 30 years increases the final balance by about 54%, even though contributions stayed flat. That’s why asset allocation decisions inside the Roth often matter more than how much you stuff into it, assuming you’re already at or near the $7,000 / $8,000 limit. The IRS won’t let you contribute more, but it doesn’t care what funds you pick.

The sequence-of-returns problem is the other thing most calculators ignore. Your Roth IRA calculator assumes a smooth average return year after year, but real markets don’t deliver smooth returns. If you happen to start saving at the top of a bull market and immediately see two or three down years, the actual outcome can lag the projection significantly for decades, even if the long-term average matches. That’s not a flaw in the calculator — it’s a flaw in the way we all think about averages. For contributions, sequence doesn’t matter much. For withdrawals near retirement, it matters enormously.

A pragmatic approach: run the Roth IRA calculator three times. Once at a pessimistic rate (5-6%), once at a base case (7-8%), once at an optimistic case (9-10%). The range that produces is your real planning window. If your retirement plans only work in the optimistic scenario, you’re not really planning — you’re hoping. If they work in the base case, you have a reasonable plan. If they work in the pessimistic case, you’re probably saving too much, which is a problem most people would happily have.

One more subtlety: the assumed return rate inside a Roth IRA calculator should reflect the asset allocation you actually plan to hold, not what you wish you held. A target-date 2055 fund typically runs 85-90% equities at age 35 and gradually shifts to 40-50% equities by age 65. The expected return drops along that glidepath, which means using a flat 8% for the entire 30 years overstates the late-career return. A more honest projection uses 8.5% for the first 15 years and 6.5% for the next 15. Most basic calculators don’t allow that kind of glidepath input, but the more sophisticated ones do.

And one practical note: don’t fixate on the difference between 7.0% and 7.5% in your projections. The standard error on a 30-year forward return estimate is so wide that the difference between those two assumptions is well within the noise. What matters is that you pick a defensible number, run the Roth IRA calculator at that number, and then check the result against pessimistic and optimistic bookends. The midpoint isn’t your forecast — it’s the middle of a range you’re planning around. If the range is $500,000 to $1.5 million, that’s the planning window. Anyone selling you precision below that is selling you false confidence.

One last data point worth knowing: the historical 30-year rolling returns for the S&P 500 from any starting year between 1928 and 1995 have ranged from about 7.8% on the low end (the 30 years ending in 2008) to nearly 13% on the high end (the 30 years ending in 2000). Even the worst 30-year window beat 7% nominal. That’s the data behind why we typically advise clients to run their primary Roth IRA calculator projection at 8% nominal and treat that as a defensible base case rather than an aggressive one.

If you’re trying to figure out which case to weight, our tax strategy consulting team builds projections that incorporate your actual asset allocation, current portfolio holdings, and time horizon. For more on long-term planning math, see the calculators hub or our helpful guides library. The IRS-side rules sit in Publication 590-A, and you can also compare what the same return assumption produces in a pre-tax account using our Traditional IRA calculator.

The Roth IRA calculator is the right starting point for the backdoor Roth question, but you have to ignore the standard contribution input and focus on a different one: the conversion amount. A backdoor Roth is mechanically a two-step transaction — you make a non-deductible contribution to a traditional IRA, then convert that money to a Roth IRA — and the calculator’s job is to tell you whether the resulting growth is worth the friction of two extra forms at tax time.

Here’s the math the Roth IRA calculator runs. You put $7,000 into a traditional IRA on a non-deductible basis (no tax benefit on the way in because you’re over the direct-contribution phaseout). You immediately convert that $7,000 to a Roth. There’s no tax on the conversion because you had zero pre-tax dollars in the traditional IRA to begin with — this is the key assumption that makes the backdoor Roth a free lunch. From there, the Roth IRA calculator projects exactly the same growth as a direct Roth contribution would have produced. $7,000 a year for 20 years at 8% lands around $345,000, all tax-free. Run it for 30 years and you’re back at $850,000.

The catch is the pro-rata rule, and it’s the thing that catches most DIY filers off-guard. If you have existing pre-tax money in any traditional IRA, SEP IRA, or SIMPLE IRA, the IRS treats every Roth conversion as a mix of pre-tax and after-tax dollars proportional to the total balance across all those accounts. Convert $7,000 when you have $93,000 of pre-tax money sitting in a traditional IRA from an old 401(k) rollover, and 93% of that conversion is taxable. The Roth IRA calculator can’t see this on its own — you have to either zero out the pre-tax balance first (usually by rolling it into a current employer 401(k) plan that accepts incoming rollovers) or accept the tax hit on the conversion.

There’s a workaround that solo business owners use: open a solo 401(k) or roll the pre-tax IRA balance into one. Solo 401(k) balances aren’t counted in the pro-rata calculation because the rule only looks at IRA-type accounts. We see this move at least a few times a year with self-employed clients who got blindsided the first time they tried the backdoor and discovered their old rollover IRA was poisoning the conversion math.

The mega backdoor Roth is a different lever entirely, and a Roth IRA calculator can model it the same way it models a regular Roth contribution — you just feed it larger numbers. If your employer’s 401(k) plan allows after-tax contributions and in-service distributions or in-plan Roth conversions, you can push up to $47,500 in 2026 into the Roth side of your 401(k) on top of the regular $24,500 employee deferral. That’s $72,000 of Roth contributions in a single year for someone under 50. A Roth IRA calculator doesn’t directly handle 401(k) mechanics, but you can plug the same dollar amount into the calculator and see what that scale of contribution produces over 20-30 years. The answer is genuinely life-changing — a mega backdoor strategy maintained from age 35 to 65 can produce $5-7 million in tax-free retirement assets at reasonable return assumptions.

The surprising line: the backdoor Roth is one of the few tax strategies where the IRS knows about it, hasn’t closed the loophole, and probably won’t. It’s been on Congressional kill lists since the SECURE Act drafts in 2017 and survived every cut, including the Build Back Better proposals in 2021-2022. Treat it as available until proven otherwise, but don’t assume it’s permanent — if you’re going to use it, use it now, and don’t wait for a better year.

Timing matters more than most people think. The cleanest version of the backdoor Roth is to make the non-deductible contribution and convert it the same week, before any meaningful gains have accumulated in the traditional IRA. If you let the contribution sit for six months and it gains $500, you owe ordinary tax on that $500 at conversion. It’s not a huge number, but it’s an annoying line on Form 8606 and a small drag on the strategy. Most CPAs we talk to coordinate the contribution and conversion in January so the entire year of growth happens inside the Roth.

What you need to file: Form 8606 for every year you make a non-deductible traditional IRA contribution AND for the year you convert. Miss the 8606 and you can end up paying tax twice on the same dollars — once when you earned the money, and again when you convert. The IRS has no way of knowing your contribution was non-deductible if you don’t file the form, so the conversion gets treated as fully taxable. For the conversion mechanics in detail, IRS Publication 590-A walks through the eligibility math, and Publication 590-B covers the distribution and conversion rules.

One additional consideration: the IRS treats conversion dollars separately from contribution dollars for the 5-year rule. Each conversion you do starts its own 5-year clock for the purpose of penalty-free access before age 59½. If you’re under 59½ and converting traditional IRA money to Roth, you generally have to wait 5 years before pulling that specific tranche of converted dollars out without a 10% penalty (even though no additional tax applies). Most Roth IRA calculators don’t model this because they assume you’re not touching the money before retirement, but it matters for early-retirement planning where the Roth conversion ladder is a common strategy.

The other strategic note: backdoor Roth contributions don’t have to happen every year for life. A common pattern we see is high earners doing the backdoor from their early 30s through their peak earning years, then stopping when they retire and shifting to direct Roth conversions from their large traditional IRA balance during the gap years between retirement and Social Security claiming. The Roth IRA calculator can model both phases — you just feed it different inputs for the accumulation years (annual $7,000 contributions) and the conversion years (lumpier $50,000-$100,000 conversions sized to fill out lower tax brackets before income kicks back up at age 73 with RMDs and Social Security).

If you want a CPA to actually set up the backdoor Roth and file the 8606s correctly, our tax strategy consulting service handles this routinely for high-net-worth clients in NYC. We also run the Roth IRA calculator scenarios as part of the planning meeting, including the mega backdoor projection if your employer plan supports it. Start with the new client inquiry form, or browse the helpful guides for more on Roth strategy.